The United States granted the Makah Indian Tribe in Washington state a long-awaited waiver on Thursday that helps pave the way for their first approved whale hunts since 1999.
The Makah, a tribe of 1,500 people on the northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula, is the only Native American tribe with a treaty that specifically mentions the right to hunt whales. However, they have faced more than two decades of legal challenges, bureaucratic hearings, and scientific reviews as they seek to resume hunting gray whales.
NOAA Fisheries’ decision grants a waiver under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which normally prohibits harming marine mammals. It allows the tribe to hunt up to 25 Eastern North Pacific gray whales over 10 years, with a limit of two to three per year. There are about 20,000 whales in that population, and the hunts will be timed to avoid harming endangered Western North Pacific gray whales that occasionally visit the area.
However, some obstacles remain. The tribe must enter into a cooperative agreement with the agency under the Whaling Convention Act and obtain a hunting permit, which involves a monthlong public comment period.
Animal rights advocates, who have long opposed whaling, could also challenge NOAA’s decision in court.
Archaeological evidence shows that Makah hunters in cedar canoes killed whales for sustenance since time immemorial, a practice that only stopped in the early 20th century after commercial whaling vessels depleted the population.
By 1994, the Eastern Pacific gray whale population had recovered, and they were removed from the endangered species list. Seeing an opportunity to reclaim its heritage, the tribe announced plans to hunt again.
The Makah trained for months in the ancient ways of whaling and received the blessing of federal officials and the International Whaling Commission. They took to the water in 1998 but didn’t succeed until the next year, when they harpooned a gray whale from a hand-carved cedar canoe. A tribal member in a motorized support boat killed it with a high-powered rifle to minimize its suffering.
It was the tribe’s first successful hunt in 70 years.
The hunts drew protests from animal rights activists, who sometimes threw smoke bombs at the whalers and sprayed fire extinguishers into their faces. Others steered motorboats between the whales and the tribal canoes to interfere with the hunt. Authorities seized several vessels and made arrests.
After animal rights groups sued, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned federal approval of the tribe’s whaling plans. The court found that the tribe needed to obtain a waiver under the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act.
Eleven Alaska Native communities in the Arctic have such a waiver for subsistence hunts, allowing them to kill bowhead whales—even though bowheads are listed as endangered.
The Makah tribe applied for a waiver in 2005. The process repeatedly stalled as new scientific information about the whales and the health of their population was uncovered.
Some of the Makah whalers became so frustrated with the delays that they went on a rogue hunt in 2007, killing a gray whale that got away from them and sank. They were convicted in federal court.
The Associated Press contributed to this article.